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How surfers can manage face hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation: excessive sun exposure leads to the development of darker skin areas | Photo: Louis Widmer

Surfers are among the social groups that spend more time under the sun. Whether they're just checking the waves, surfing, or chilling at the beach,  their sunlight exposure is above average.

You've probably noticed dark spots or patches on your or others' skin.

It's called hyperpigmentation, a skin condition that can affect anyone, especially those who spend extended periods under the sun, such as surfers.

Hyperpigmentation takes place when random areas of the skin suddenly get darker than the surrounding skin due to an overproduction of the pigment that gives skin its color - melanin.

So what does it look like?

Hyperpigmentation presents as darker patches, spots, or areas on the skin. These can vary in size, from tiny freckles to larger patches.

The condition can arise anywhere on the body but is more common in sun-exposed areas like the face, neck, arms, and hands.

Types of Hyperpigmentation

There are several forms of hyperpigmentation. The three main ones are:

  • Melasma: It manifests as larger dark patches, often on the face, and is linked to hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy or from using hormonal contraceptives. The condition is triggered and worsened by sun exposure, as UV rays boost the production of melanin, making the patches more prominent;
  • Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH): It occurs after skin trauma, like acne, eczema, or other inflammatory conditions. The healing process leads to dark spots, which can be exacerbated by sun exposure, as UV rays stimulate melanin production in the healing areas, making the spots darker and more persistent;
  • Age Spots: They're also known as liver spots. They are small, dark patches that appear on skin frequently exposed to the sun. These spots become more common as the skin ages due to the cumulative effects of sun damage over the years. While harmless, they can be aesthetically concerning and are a clear indicator of excessive UV exposure;

Surfers: before paddling out, skin protection is essential | Photo: Shutterstock

Causes and Triggers

There are several factors that can cause or trigger this increase in melanin, including:

  • Sun Exposure: It is for sure the most common cause, as ultraviolet (UV) rays stimulate melanin production, leading to tanning. However, when excessive sun exposure disrupts melanin distribution, dark patches may appear;
  • Hormonal Changes: Conditions like melasma, associated with pregnancy or hormonal treatments (e.g., oral contraceptives), also lead to melanin overproduction when the skin is exposed to sunlight;
  • Skin Injuries and Inflammation: Conditions like acne, eczema, or psoriasis can generate post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, for instance, where dark spots form after the skin heals;
  • Certain Medications and Medical Conditions: Some drugs, including anticancer medications and disorders like Addison's disease, can also cause hyperpigmentation;

Who Can Develop It?

Hyperpigmentation affects people of all skin types, ethnicities, and ages.

Surprisingly, it is more noticeable and common among individuals with light-brown to darker skin (Phototype 3-6 in the Fitzpatrick Scale) because they naturally have more melanin, making any increase more visible.

Surfers, who often have prolonged sun exposure, are particularly at risk for developing sun-induced hyperpigmentation.

SPF 30+ broad-spectrum sunscreen: the best way to prevent hyperpigmentation while surfing | Photo: Kindelmedia/Creative Commons

Does It Go Away?

Hyperpigmentation can fade over time, but it may not completely disappear.

Treatment options can help lighten dark spots and patches, though results vary.

Consistent sun protection use is fundamental to prevent new spots from forming and to avoid darkening existing ones.

Treatment methods, including topical creams (with ingredients like niacinamide or retinol), professional treatments (like chemical peels or laser therapy), and natural remedies (like vitamin C), may take several months to show noticeable improvement.

Nevertheless, even though these darker spots do not necessarily relate to melanoma, if you detect a sudden, relevant change in the color of your skin, consult your dermatologist.

Overexposure to the sun's UV rays is one of the main causes of skin cancer.

Does Vitamin C Help?

Vitamin C is a well-known powerful antioxidant that helps brighten the skin by holding back melanin production.

It works by reducing the activity of the enzyme tyrosinase, which is necessary for melanin synthesis.

When applied topically, vitamin C can lighten hyperpigmented areas, promoting a more even skin tone.

While research shows that it can reduce dark spots, consistent application over a period of weeks or months is necessary for visible results.

How To Protect My Skin?

Preventing hyperpigmentation starts with minimizing sun exposure and practicing good sun protection habits:

  1. Use Sunscreen Daily: Apply a SPF 30+ broad-spectrum, reef-safe sunscreen even on cloudy days. For extended outdoor activities like surfing, choose water-resistant formulations and reapply every two hours;
  2. Wear Protective Clothing: Use wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses, and UV-protective clothing to shield skin from direct sunlight;
  3. Find Shade: Avoid the sun during peak hours (10 a.m. to 2 p.m.) when UV rays are strongest;
  4. Incorporate Antioxidants in Skincare: Ingredients like vitamin C and niacinamide help protect the skin from oxidative damage caused by UV rays;

What Should I Look for in a Sun Protection Product?

When choosing sun protection products, look for:

  • Broad-Spectrum Coverage: Ensures protection from both UVA and UVB rays, a duo that is responsible for skin aging and burning, respectively;
  • High SPF: SPF 30 or higher is unanimously recommended for effective sun protection;
  • Water Resistance: A feature that ensures the sunscreen remains effective while in the water, especially for surfers;
  • Extra Benefits: Some sunscreens contain ingredients like licochalcone A, which neutralizes free radicals, or thiamidol, which helps reduce existing hyperpigmentation;


Words by Luís MP | Founder of SurferToday.com



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